Newton's Laws of Motion: Complete Guide
F = ma
Master the three fundamental laws that govern classical mechanics and motion.
Featured Physics Formulas
⚙️ Newton's Laws of Motion
F = ma | ΣF = 0
The foundation of classical mechanics describing how forces affect motion.
Explore Laws🚀 Einstein's Relativity
E = mc²
The most famous equation in physics showing mass-energy equivalence.
Explore Theory⚡ Maxwell's Equations
∇ · E = ρ/ε₀
The four equations that form the foundation of electromagnetism.
Explore Equations⚙️
Mechanics
🚀
Mechanics
Kinematics Equations of Motion
v = u + at
All kinematic equations for constant acceleration with worked examples.
🎯
Mechanics
Projectile Motion Formulas
R = v²sin(2θ)/g
Complete guide to range, max height, and time of flight for projectiles.
💪
Mechanics
Work, Energy, and Power
W = Fd | P = W/t
Understanding work, kinetic energy, potential energy, and power.
🔄
Mechanics
Circular Motion & Centripetal Force
F = mv²/r
Everything about centripetal acceleration, force, and angular velocity.
🌍
Mechanics
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
F = Gm₁m₂/r²
Gravitational force between masses and orbital mechanics.
🔥
Thermodynamics
The Four Laws of Thermodynamics
ΔU = Q - W
From zeroth to third law - the foundation of thermal physics.
💨
Thermodynamics
Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
PV = nRT
Understanding the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature.
🌡️
Thermodynamics
Specific Heat & Heat Transfer
Q = mcΔT
Calculate heat energy, specific heat capacity, and temperature changes.
🌀
Thermodynamics
Entropy and the Second Law
ΔS = Q/T
Understanding entropy, disorder, and the arrow of time.
🌊
Waves & Sound
Wave Equation: λ = v/f
λ = v/f
Complete guide to wavelength, frequency, and wave velocity relationships.
🔊
Waves & Sound
Sound Waves and Decibels
β = 10 log(I/I₀)
Understanding sound intensity, decibels, and the Doppler effect.
🎵
Waves & Sound
Simple Harmonic Motion & Hooke's Law
F = -kx
Springs, pendulums, and oscillatory motion explained.
⚡
Electromagnetism
Coulomb's Law: Electric Force
F = kq₁q₂/r²
The fundamental law of electrostatic force between charged particles.
🔌
Electromagnetism
Ohm's Law: V = IR
V = IR
The basic relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
🧲
Electromagnetism
Maxwell's Equations Explained
∇ × E = -∂B/∂t
The four elegant equations that unify electricity and magnetism.
🌀
Electromagnetism
Faraday's Law of Induction
ε = -dΦ/dt
How changing magnetic fields create electric currents.
🌈
Optics
Snell's Law of Refraction
n₁sin(θ₁) = n₂sin(θ₂)
How light bends when passing between different media.
🔍
Optics
Mirror and Lens Equations
1/f = 1/d₀ + 1/dᵢ
Complete guide to geometric optics for mirrors and lenses.
💡
Optics
Diffraction and Interference
dsin(θ) = mλ
Wave optics: Young's double slit and diffraction patterns.
🚀
Modern Physics
Einstein's Special Relativity
E = mc²
Time dilation, length contraction, and mass-energy equivalence.
⚛️
Modern Physics
Quantum Mechanics Basics
E = hf
Wave-particle duality, Planck's constant, and the quantum world.
🎲
Modern Physics
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
ΔxΔp ≥ ħ/2
The fundamental limit on measuring position and momentum simultaneously.
📊
Modern Physics
Schrödinger Equation
iħ ∂ψ/∂t = Ĥψ
The fundamental equation of quantum mechanics and wave functions.
Fundamental Physical Constants
Speed of Light
c
2.998 × 10⁸ m/s
Gravitational Constant
G
6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²
Planck's Constant
h
6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s
Elementary Charge
e
1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
Boltzmann Constant
k_B
1.381 × 10⁻²³ J/K
Avogadro's Number
N_A
6.022 × 10²³ /mol
Gas Constant
R
8.314 J/(mol·K)
Electron Mass
mₑ
9.109 × 10⁻³¹ kg
Proton Mass
mₚ
1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
Permittivity of Vacuum
ε₀
8.854 × 10⁻¹² F/m
Permeability of Vacuum
μ₀
4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m
Standard Gravity
g
9.80665 m/s²
Physics Calculators & Tools
Velocity Calculator
Calculate v = d/t with multiple units
Acceleration Calculator
a = (v-u)/t with unit conversions
Force Calculator
F = ma with multiple unit support
Work & Power Calculator
W = Fd and P = W/t calculations
Projectile Motion Calculator
Trajectory, range, and max height
Centripetal Force Calculator
F = mv²/r for circular motion
Gravitational Force Calculator
F = Gm₁m₂/r² calculations
Density Calculator
ρ = m/V with material database
Pressure Calculator
P = F/A with unit conversions
Specific Heat Calculator
Q = mcΔT calculations
Wavelength Calculator
λ = v/f for waves and light
Hooke's Law Calculator
F = kx and PE = ½kx²